Great Hanshin earthquake

Great Hanshin Earthquake
Damage from the Great Hanshin Earthquake is kept intact at the Earthquake Memorial Park near the port of Kobe. The elevated Hanshin Expressway, in the background, was partially toppled by the earthquake.
Date January 17, 1995 (1995-01-17)
Magnitude Mw 6.8 (USGS)

Mj 7.3 (adjusted from 7.2; JMA scale)
Depth 16 km (9.94 mi)
Epicenter location Awaji Island, Japan
Countries or regions affected Japan
Casualties 6,434 killed, around 300,000 left homeless
Fire fighting

The Great Hanshin earthquake, or Kobe earthquake, was an earthquake that occurred on Tuesday, January 17, 1995, at 05:46 JST in the southern part of Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.[1] It measured 6.8 on the Moment magnitude scale (USGS),[2] and Mj7.3 (adjusted from 7.2) on JMA magnitude scale.[3] The tremors lasted for approximately 20 seconds. The focus of the earthquake was located 16 km beneath its epicenter,[3] on the northern end of Awaji Island, 20 km away from the city of Kobe.

Approximately 6,434 people lost their lives (final estimate as of December 22, 2005); about 4,600 of them were from Kobe.[4] Among major cities, Kobe, with its population of 1.5 million, was the closest to the epicenter and hit by the strongest tremors. This was Japan's worst earthquake since the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923, which claimed 140,000 lives. It caused approximately ten trillion yen in damage, 2.5% of Japan's GDP at the time. Based on the average currency conversion rate over the following 500 days of 97.545 yen per USD, the quake caused $102.5 billion in damage.[5]

Contents

Seismic intensity

It was the first time that earthquake tremors in Japan were officially measured at seismic intensity (shindo in Japanese) of the highest Level 7 on the scale of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA).

Note: After this earthquake, seismic intensity observation in Japan was fully mechanized (from April 1996) and JMA seismic intensity Levels 5 and 6 were each divided into 2 levels (from October 1996).

An on-the spot investigation by JMA concluded that tremors by this earthquake were at seismic intensity of

Level 7 in particular areas in northern Awaji Island (now Awaji City) and in the cities of Kobe, Ashiya, Nishinomiya and Takarazuka.[6]

Tremors were valued at seismic intensity of Levels 6 to 4 at observation points in Kansai, Chūgoku, Shikoku and Chūbu regions.[6]

Level 6 in the cities of Sumoto (in Awaji Island) and Kobe (both in Hyōgo Prefecture).
Level 5 in the cities of Toyooka (in Hyōgo Prefecture), Hikone (in Shiga Prefecture) and Kyoto.
Level 4 in the prefectures of Hyōgo, Shiga, Kyoto, Fukui, Gifu, Mie, Osaka, Nara, Wakayama, Tottori, Okayama, Hiroshima, Tokushima, Kagawa and Kōchi.

Foreshocks and aftershocks

The Mj 7.3 earthquake struck at 05:46 JST on the morning of 17 January 1995. It lasted for 20 seconds. During this time the south side of the Nojima Fault moved 1.5m to the right and 1.2 meters downwards. This was because the earthquake's focus was so near the surface and its epicenter so near to Kobe.

There were four foreshocks, beginning with the largest (Mj 3.7) at 18:28 on the previous day.

Within five weeks, about 50 aftershocks (Mj 4.0 or greater) were observed.[7]

By May 23, 1995: 1983 aftershocks in total, 249 felt.[8]
By Oct. 31, 1995: 2309 aftershocks in total, 302 felt.[9]
By Oct. 31, 1996: 2522 aftershocks in total, 408 felt.[10]

Damage

Fatality rates
Nada-ku, Kobe 0.703%
Higashinada-ku, Kobe 0.692%
Nagata-ku, Kobe 0.596%
Ashiya 0.468%
Hyōgo-ku, Kobe 0.365%
Nishinomiya 0.239%
source
Damage at Minatogawa, Kobe
Damage at Sannomiya, Kobe
Houses destroyed
Damage at Sannomiya, Kobe

The effects can be divided into primary and secondary effects. Primary effects included the collapse of 200,000 buildings, the collapse of 1 km of the Hanshin Expressway, and destruction of 120 of the 150 quays in the port of Kobe. Secondary effects included disruption of the electricity supply. Residents were afraid to return home because of aftershocks that lasted several days (74 of which were strong enough to be felt).

Damage in cities and the suburbs

The majority of deaths, over 4,000, occurred in cities and the suburbs in Hyōgo Prefecture. Most of the older traditional houses had heavy tiled roofs which weighed around 2 tons, intended to resist the frequent typhoons that plagued Kobe, but they were only held up by a light wood support frame. When the wood supports gave way, the roof crushed the unreinforced walls and floors in a "pancake" collapse. Newer homes have reinforced walls and lighter roofs to avoid this, but are more susceptible to typhoons. One in five of the buildings in the worst-hit area were completely destroyed (or rendered uninhabitable). About 22% of the offices in the central business district were rendered unusable and over half of the houses in that area were deemed unfit to live in.

The extent of the damage was much greater than in the Northridge earthquake in Los Angeles, which, by coincidence, had occurred exactly one year before. The difference was in part due to the type of ground beneath Kobe and the construction of its buildings (e.g. many unreinforced masonry buildings collapsed). Also, at about 7.2 the intensity of the quake was greater than the approximately 6.6 of Northridge. The immediate population bases of the two areas (Kobe area and San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles) were roughly the same – about 2 million, however only 72 people died in the Northridge quake compared to the more than 6,000 in Kobe.

Transportation infrastructure damage

The damage to highways and subways was the most graphic image of the earthquake, and images of the collapsed elevated Hanshin Expressway made front pages of newspapers worldwide. Most people in Japan believed those structures to be relatively safe from earthquake damage by design. Though the initial belief was construction had been negligent, it was later shown that most of the collapsed structures were constructed properly to the building codes in force in the 1960s. However, the 1960s regulations had already been discovered to be inadequate and revised several times, the latest revision in 1981, which proved effective but only applied to new structures.

Ten spans of the Hanshin Expressway Route 43 in three locations in Kobe and Nishinomiya were knocked over, blocking a link that carried forty percent of Osaka-Kobe road traffic. Half of the elevated expressway's piers were damaged in some way, and the entire route was not reopened until September 30, 1996. Three bridges on the less heavily used Route 2 were damaged, but the highway was reopened well ahead of Route 43 and served as one of the main intercity road links for a time. The Meishin Expressway was only lightly damaged, but was closed during the day until February 17, 1995 so that emergency vehicles could easily access the hardest-hit areas to the west. It wasn't until July 29 that all four lanes were open to traffic along one section (Kitamura, Yamamoto & Fujii 1998:240). Many surface highways were clogged for some time due to the collapse of higher-capacity elevated highways.

Most railways in the region were also damaged. In the aftermath of the earthquake, only 30% of the Osaka-Kobe railway tracks were operational. Daikai Station on the Kobe Rapid Railway line collapsed, bringing down part of National Route 30 above it. Wooden supports collapsed inside supposedly solid concrete pilings under the tracks of the Shinkansen high-speed rail line, causing the entire line to shut down. However, the railways rebounded quickly after the quake, reaching 80% operability in one month.

Artificial islands in Kobe suffered some subsidence due to liquefaction of the soil; the water breaking to the surface did not come from the sea. However, the newly-completed artificial island supporting Kansai International Airport was not significantly affected, due to being further away from the epicenter and because it was built to the latest standards. The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, under construction near the earthquake's epicentre, was not damaged but was reportedly lengthened by a full meter due to horizontal displacement along the activated tectonic fault.

Response

Immediately before the collapse of the Kashiwai building

In the aftermath, both citizens and specialists lost faith in the technology of their early warning systems and earthquake construction techniques. The national government of Japan was criticised for not acting quickly enough to save many people, for poorly managing Japanese volunteers, and for initially refusing help from foreign nations, including the United States, South Korea, Mongolia, and the United Kingdom. The language barriers and the obvious lack of Japanese medical licensing by foreign volunteers were cited as justification. In response to the widespread devastation, the Japanese government increased its spending on earthquake-resistant building structures.

Local response

Local hospitals struggled to keep up with demand for medical treatment, largely due to collapsed or obstructed "lifelines" (roads) that kept supplies and personnel from reaching the affected areas. People were forced to wait in corridors due to the overcrowding and lack of space. Some people had to be operated on in waiting rooms and corridors.

Approximately 1.2 million volunteers were involved in relief efforts during the first three months following the earthquake. Retailers such as Daiei and 7-Eleven used their existing supply networks to provide necessities in affected areas, while NTT and Motorola provided free telephone service for victims. Even the Yamaguchi-gumi yakuza syndicate was involved in distributing food and supplies to needy victims.[11]

To help speed the recovery effort, the government closed most of the Hanshin Expressway network to private vehicles from 6:00am to 8:00pm daily and limited traffic to buses, taxis and other designated vehicles (Kitamura, Yamamoto & Fujii 1998:260). To keep the light rail system running even though it had quite severely damaged sections, shuttle buses were commissioned to transfer patrons to stations around damaged sections (Kitamura, Yamamoto & Fujii 1998:256).

Other effects

Economic aftershocks

The earthquake caused approximately ten trillion yen or $102.5 billion in damage, 2.5% of Japan's GDP at the time. It is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the "costliest natural disaster to befall any one country." Most of the losses were uninsured, as only 3% of property in the Kobe area was covered by earthquake insurance, compared to 16% in Tokyo.

Kobe was one of the world's busiest ports prior to the earthquake, but despite the repair and rebuilding, it has never regained its former status as Japan's principal shipping port.

The sheer size of the earthquake caused a major decline in Japanese stock markets, with the Nikkei 225 index plunging by a thousand points in one day following the quake. This financial damage was the immediate cause for the collapse of Barings Bank due to the actions of Nick Leeson, who had speculated vast amounts of money on Japanese and Singaporean derivatives. Discussions of Japan's "Lost Decade" tend towards purely economic analysis and neglect the impact of the earthquake on the Japanese economy which at the time was already suffering from recession.

The earthquake and volunteerism

Local memorial in Kobe

The fact that volunteers from all over Japan converged on Kobe to help victims of the quake was an important event in the history of volunteerism in Japan. The year 1995 is often regarded as a turning point in the emergence of volunteerism as a major form of civic engagement.

In December 1995, the government declared January 17 a national "Disaster Prevention and Volunteerism Day", and the week from January 15 to 21 a national "Disaster Prevention and Volunteerism Week", to be commemorated with lectures, seminars, and other events designed to encourage voluntary disaster preparedness and relief efforts.[12]

Effect on disaster prevention planning

The earthquake proved to be a major wake-up call for Japanese disaster prevention authorities. Japan installed rubber blocks under bridges to absorb the shock and rebuilt buildings further apart to prevent them from falling like dominoes. The national government changed its disaster response policies in the wake of the earthquake, and its response to the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake was significantly faster and more effective. The Ground Self-Defence Forces were given automatic authority to respond to earthquakes over a certain magnitude, which allowed them to deploy to the Niigata region within minutes. Control over fire response was likewise handed over from local fire departments to a central command base in Tokyo and Kyoto.[13]

In response to the widespread damage to transportation infrastructure, and the resulting effect on emergency response times in the disaster area, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport began designating special disaster prevention routes and reinforcing the roads and surrounding buildings so as to keep them as intact as possible in the event of another earthquake.[14] Hyōgo's prefectural government invested millions of yen in the years following the quake to build earthquake-proof shelters and supplies in public parks.[15]

Elsewhere in Japan, the Tokyo metropolitan government set up an emergency food and water supply network based around petrol stations, which were mostly unaffected in the Hanshin earthquake. However, citizens' groups have taken up the bulk of disaster planning, partly out of distrust for the government still held after the disaster in Kobe.

Memorials

1.17 memorial in Kobe

The Kobe Luminarie, a small city of Christmas lights, is set up in the middle of Kobe City, as well as near Shin-Kobe Station every December in commemoration of the earthquake. Large "1.17" digits are illuminated at Higashi Yuenchi Park next to Kobe City Hall on January 17 of each year.

Name

Outside Japan, the earthquake is commonly known as the Kobe earthquake. In Japan, it is often called the Great Hanshin Earthquake (after the region between Osaka and Kobe) or the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (the name used in official government documents). In the scientific literature it is often called the 1995 Southern Hyōgo Prefecture Earthquake, the name chosen by the Japan Meteorological Agency in the week after the main shock.

Mechanism of the earthquake

Most of the largest earthquakes in Japan are caused by subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate or Pacific Plate, with mechanisms that involve either energy released within the subducting plate or the accumulation and sudden release of stress in the overlying plate. Earthquakes of these types are especially frequent in the coastal regions of northeastern Japan.[16]

The Great Hanshin earthquake belonged to a third type, called an "inland shallow earthquake".[17] Earthquakes of this type occur along active faults. Even at lower magnitudes, they can be very destructive because they often occur near populated areas and because their hypocenters are located less than 20 km below the surface. The Great Hanshin earthquake began north of the island of Awaji, which lies just south of Kobe. It spread toward the southwest along the Nojima fault on Awaji and toward the northeast along the Suma and Suwayama faults, which run through the center of Kobe.[18] Observations of deformations in these faults suggest that the area was subjected to east-west compression, which is consistent with previously known crustal movements.[19] Like other earthquakes recorded in western Japan between 1891 and 1948, the 1995 earthquake had a strike-slip mechanism that accommodated east-west shortening of the Eurasian plate due to its collision with the North American plate in central Honshu.[20]

See also

References

  • Kitamura, R.; Yamamoto, T.; Fujii, S. (1998). "Impacts of the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake on Traffic and Travel - Where Did All the Traffic Go?". In Cairns, S., Hass-Klau, C. & Goodwin, P.. Traffic Impact of Highway Capacity Reductions: Assessment of the Evidence. London: Landor Publishing. pp. 239–261. 
  • Seismic Activity in Japan. Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion. Retrieved on 2009-05-06.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ In Japanese, the disaster by this earthquake is officially called 阪神・淡路大震災 (Hanshin-Awaji Daishinsai?), which is often shortened to 阪神大震災 (Hanshin Daishinsai?). (Daishinsai means an earthquake calamity.)
  2. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey. "Significant Earthquakes of the World: 1995". http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqarchives/significant/sig_1995.php. Retrieved 2008-05-22. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 The City of Kobe (2009-01-01). "STATISTICS" (PDF). The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Statistics and Restoration Progress. http://www.city.kobe.lg.jp/safety/hanshinawaji/revival/promote/img/january.2009.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-29. 
  4. ↑ Kobe City FIRE Bureau (2006-01-17). "被害の状況". 阪神・淡路大震災. On the Site in Japanese of Kobe City FIRE Bureau. http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/48/quake/higai.html. Retrieved 2008-05-25. 
  5. ↑ "FXHistory: historical currency exchange rates". http://www.oanda.com/convert/fxhistory?date_fmt=us&date=05/30/96&date1=01/17/95&exch=USD&expr=JPY&lang=en&margin_fixed=0&format=HTML&redirected=1. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Search result on JMA database (in Japanese) of seismic intensity.
  7. ↑ Japan Meteorological Agency (2007-08-17). "余震活動の回数比較" (PDF). http://www.seisvol.kishou.go.jp/eq/2007_07_16_chuetu-oki/yoshin_hikaku.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-22. 
  8. ↑ Osaka District Meteorological Observatory, JMA. "1995年兵庫県南部地震とその余震活動" (PDF). 地震予知連絡会会報Vol.54. Published by The Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction, Japan. http://cais.gsi.go.jp/KAIHOU/kaihou54/07-13.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-22. 
  9. ↑ Osaka District Meteorological Observatory, JMA. "近畿・中国・四国地方の地震活動（1995年5月～10月）" (PDF). 地震予知連絡会会報Vol.55. Published by The Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction, Japan. http://cais.gsi.go.jp/KAIHOU/kaihou55/07-01.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-22. 
  10. ↑ Osaka District Meteorological Observatory, JMA. "近畿・中国・四国地方の地震活動（1996年５月～1996年10月）" (PDF). 地震予知連絡会会報Vol.57. Published by The Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction, Japan. http://cais.gsi.go.jp/KAIHOU/kaihou57/07-01.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-22. 
  11. ↑ Glen S. Fukushima (March 1995). "The Great Hanshin Earthquake". JPRI Occasional Paper (No. 2). Published by Japan Policy Research Institute. http://www.jpri.org/publications/occasionalpapers/op2.html. Retrieved 2006-11-23. 
  12. ↑ "'Disaster Prevention and Volunteerism Day' and 'Disaster Prevention and Volunteerism Week'" (in Japanese). Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. December 15, 1995. http://www.bousai.go.jp/volunteer/html/detail_kakugi.html. Retrieved 2009-05-02. 
  13. ↑ Burritt Sabin (2004-10-31). "The Great Hanshin Earthquake: Lessons for Niigata". J@pan Inc Newsletter (No. 295). Published by Japan Inc Communications. http://www.japaninc.com/jin295. Retrieved 2008-05-25. 
  14. ↑ "Restoration from the earthquake disaster - City planning based on the lessons learned from the disaster". Great Hanshin Earthquake Restoration. A topic on the site of Kinki Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. http://www.kkr.mlit.go.jp/en/topics_hanshin2.html. Retrieved 2006-11-23. 
  15. ↑ Japan Echo Inc. (1998-04-02). "Earthquake Readiness: From Underground Stores to Satellite Monitoring". Trends in JAPAN. On the Site "Web Japan" sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://web-japan.org/trends98/honbun/ntj980403.html. Retrieved 2006-11-23. 
  16. ↑ "Earthquakes in Japan" (in Japanese). Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. pp. 5–6. http://www.bousai.go.jp/jishin/chubou/taisaku_gaiyou/pdf/hassei-jishin.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-06. 
  17. ↑ "(2) Shallow inland earthquakes", Seismic Activity in Japan.
  18. ↑ Koketsu, Kazuki; Yoshida, Shingo; Higashihara, Hiromichi (1998). "A fault model of the 1995 Kobe earthquake derived from the GPS data on the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge and other datasets". Earth Planets Space 50: 803–811. http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/5010/50100803.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-09. 
  19. ↑ "7-2(2)The 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake", Seismic Activity in Japan.
  20. ↑ Somerville, Paul (7 February 1995). "Kobe Earthquake: An Urban Disaster". Eos 76 (6). http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/kobe.html. Retrieved 2009-05-06. 

External links

Earthquakes in 1995

Great Hanshin (~7, Jan 17) · Marathon (5.7, Apr 14) · Neftegorsk (7.1, May 27) · Antofagasta (8.0, Jul 30) · Colima-Jalisco (8.0, Oct 9) · Egypt (7.1, Nov 22)